Time Zones

Strange things happen to time when you travel, because the earth is divided into twenty-four time zones, an hour apart. You can leave days with more or fewer than twenty-four hours, and weeks with more or fewer than seven days.

If you make a five day trip across the Atlantic Ocean, your ship inters a different time zone every day. As you enter each zone, the time changes one hour. Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead. Each day of your trip has either twenty-five or twenty-three hours.

If you travel by ship across the Pacific, you cross the International Date Line. By agreement, this is the point where a new day begins. When you cross the line, you change your calendar one full day, backward or forward. Traveling east, today becomes yesterday: traveling west, it is tomorrow.

A library is a source of information coming from newspapers, magazines, hooks, periodicals, audiovisual; materials, or even from a computer terminal.

In addition , a library is also an appropriate and quiet place for students to study and write research papers. In the referrer room readers can find valuable information and materials in a large selection of dictionaries, encyclopedias and yearbooks.

More and more libraries are offering different services for people. Libraries provide entertainment as -well as information Novels and short stories from a library's fiction collection are good source of enjoyable reading practice. No matter what you interests are, you will find that a library can be a great place t enjoy yourself while you learn.

Aid for the Developing Countries

An rural areas of Bangladesh most girls marry very young, not because they wish lo hut because their families cannot afford to send them to school. In some—Narshing, for instance that is changing, enrolment in secondary schools there has more1 than doubled, and in three years the proportion of married women in the 13 — 15 age bracket dropped from 29% to M%.

Families are getting smaller, and more women are employed, and have higher incomes. The benefits will reach far beyond individual girls; they will include lower birth rates, heller health practices, fewer children dying in infancy, a more productive labor force.

What made this change happen Money. Since girls in secondary schools have been paid a small stipend1 and the school gets tuition assistance. The pilot program, sponsored by Bangladesh and financed by the World Bank, is now to be extended to 1. 45 million girls.

That is development. It is not abstract. It is real change in the lives of real people eager lo improve their own conditions, if only they can get a real chance.

At present many are denied that chance. Well over a billion people go to bed hungry every night. They do not have water they can drink without grave risk of disease. Development means enabling such people, and another two billion who are only marginally2 better off, to build themselves a better life.

Eighteen months ago the political leaders of the world agreed at the Millennium Summit" here in New York that we should devote the first 15 years of this new century to a major onslaught4 on poverty, illiteracy and disease.

And they set a clear set of targets, the Millennium Development Goals''. hy which to measure success or failure. Those goals will not he reached without human, natural and, crucially, financial resources.

That is why more than 50 heads of slate, as well as cabinet members, business leaders, foundation executives and representatives of not-for-profit groups, are in Monterrey6 this week to discuss financing for development'. The fate of millions of people depends on our getting this right.

Leaders from the developing world will also be there, not as supplicants8 but as partners. They are in the process of adopting the right policies for mobilizing1' private investment by their own citizens and from abroad. They know they have to embrace10 the market, ensure economic stability, collect taxes in a transparent and accountable" way. uphold the rule of law and protect property rights.

What they ask for is a fair chance to trade their way out of poverty, without having to face tariffs and quotas or compete against subsidized products. Many are also asking for relief from unsustainable'^ debts. And many are saying that in order to make the full transition to sound open economies they need increased aid.

Until recently most developed countries reacted with skeptical to this request, feeling that too much aid has been wasted by corrupt or inefficient governments.

Now they have increasingly come to realize that we live in one world not two; that no one in this world can feel comfortable while so many are suffering and deprived" ; that the growing gap Between rich and poor is. as President Bush1' said recently, "both i challenge to our compassion and a source of instability. "

It has no gorgeous scenery, no stately antebellum mansions, no hallowed customs, and no cosmopolitanism like New York City's. In fact, it is just the opposite. To them, Illinois is the best just because it is so American.

More, it is heartland. As Castile is of Spain2, as the plain of Because is the granary of France, or Tuscany of Italy, so Illinois is core America.

Illinois is as beautiful as any fertile plain can be. If you say it does not have a range of snowy mountains, it does have a great teeming plain, and not mere hilliness that shuts off rather than provides a view. J In Illinois you can see right down to the horizon. You have 180°of an arc of sky, be it the aching blue of spring, when meadowlarks and bobolinks throw the twinkling gold of their songs to your ear, or a sky with vast moving clouds, in the days of summer thunderheads. '

When in Illinois you need a tree, for shade or the vertical breaking of the horizontal line, there is a tree. In one of the early accounts of the Prairie State, a lady described the single beauty of a far-off poplar now near and clear, now5 mistily distant on the Prairies. Also a cottonwood is a short-lived queen whose last golden raiment falls off from her smooth body in the hour before the death that is winter.

You should feel sorry if you had no time to go to Starved Ro<| with its wild primrose. Francis Parkman found it worth his while to go there in the days when travel was difficult. On a high natural castle of rock, a soldier-explorer La Salle established a French fort in 1682. According to legend, a band of besieged Illinois Indians were starved to death. They would not surrender and, in their pride, stayed, till death overtook them.

You should also feel sorry that you could not see the lofty and murmurous virgin white pine groves (/JN ^ #). You do not know that Illinois had such places? No, how could you? These, spots do not advertise on billboards, and they do not charge admission. Illinois is the least touristical of states. Nobody comes to Illinois for the climate, heaven knows; nobody comes to see the sights unless in Chicago. Illinois is just itself, soliciting nobody. Yet La Salle and the Jesuit priest Marquette said of it, over and over*:' beautiful, beautiful.

Netiquette

Netiquette, a new word blended with Internet and etiquette, is a set of common rules developed by e-mail message writers. You should follow these rules when you compose e-mail messages.

• An e-mail message should fit into one screen. Don't send dense and lengthy messages.

• When sending a long document, do it as an attached file with a brief table of contents or a short paragraph summarizing the key points on the first screen. Use

headings to break up a long text and make each paragraph short.

• The level of formality of e-mail messages depends on the purpose and audience.

Use correct spelling and grammar even when you write an internal message.

• Computer and e-mail systems vary. Make sure your readers' browsers can view the same page layout that you send. Be careful with boldface, italics, and other font features because incompatible software at the receiver's may not process the same features.

• After people send e-mail messages, they expect responses. Check your e-mail messages regularly and respond as quickly as you can, so that you can prevent the sender from wondering if there is something wrong with the network. If you need a few more days to work on the problem, respond to the message at once, saying that you are dealing with the matter.

• Don't send messages containing biased, abusive language or obscene photos.

• Use e-mail abbreviations and emoticons sparingly. Emoticons, or sideways faces made with punctuation marks and letters, are used to represent the writer's mood.

For instance, you can produce a smiling face by typing consecutively ":", "-", and

")", or a frown by doing ":", "-", and "(". Use them only for casual messages between friends. They are not appropriate for business messages.

• Use abbreviations only when you know your readers will understand them. For example, people may not understand what FYI (referring to "for your information"),

Heat Loss from the Human Body

Heat is lost from the human body by conduction, by convection, and by radiation. Thus, heat energy is transmitted1 from the skin to cooler air in contact with it: by conduction. Body heat loss is then increased due to convection: the warmer air in contact with the skin rises, and cooler air takes its place. Finally, heat energy is radiated from the skin to cooler objects near the body.

The rate of heat loss by these three methods depends on two main factors. The first is the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings. The greater the temperature difference between the body and its environment, the more rapid is the transfer of heat. This explains why you feel cold on a cold day. There is such a large difference between the temperature of the body and that of its surroundings that the heat flows away from the body very quickly. 3

The second main factor that influences heat loss is the amount of body surface that is exposed to the air. Clothing can restrict the transfer of heat from the body because it reduces the area of skin, which is exposed. Consequently, heat loss by radiation is reduced. Furthermore, the air trapped in clothing is a poor conductor of heat. As a result, heat energy transfer from the skin beneath the clothing to the air in contact with the clothing is restricted.

Conduction, convection and radiation are highly effective ways of losing heat provided that the body is warmer than its surroundings. But as the temperature of the environment rises, the

rate of heat loss from the body becomes less and less. When the environmental temperature rises above that of the body, heat is actually gained from the surroundings by conduction and radiation. Under these conditions, the body temperature can become dangerously high. In fact, people who live in very hot climates would die if the human body did not have a method of losing heat that does not depend on conduction, convection, or radiation.

When sweat evaporates from the surface of the body, it gains heat from the deeper skin and the blood running through it. Heat is lost from the human body by means of conduction, convection, and radiation. But when the temperature of the environment is higher than that of the body, the body gains heat from its surroundings.

Under these conditions, heat is lost from the body by sweating. Heat loss by sweating depends on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it absorbs an enormous quantity of heat from its surroundings. In the case of water, this amounts to 2,256J for every milliliter that evaporates1; a great deal of heat is absorbed from the surface of the body in contact with it. This heat transfer occurs even if the environment is hotter than the body. D Two factors affect the rate of evaporation of sweat, and therefore the effectiveness of sweating as a method of cooling the body. The first is the amount of movement of the air surrounding the body. The second is the a-mount of water vapor in the air that surrounds the body.

The argument is seemingly reasonable It indicates a way in which the patriot car manufacturing company can increase their share of market. That is to make full use of the rapidly increases of the newly licensed drivers by 'discontinue the oldest models and concentrating instead on manufacturing sporty cars. ' However if considered more carefully it'll be found improper and risky. Because it is lacking in a thorough analysis of the potential mar-ket and itself.

First, it mistook all the increasing group for the target market, it is only reported that this group has been expanding. But the problem is how many people intent to buy a car and how many people have the finacial ability to buy a car. In other words, the increasing group can be devided into three parts. Fist, those who want to buy a car and can afford a car; second, those who have the intention to buy a car but have no economic support in a short time; Third, those Who won't buy a car at all. It is obvious that the first group is the target market. But what is the proportion of the first group to the other two groups? Is it the majority or only few?

Second, it hasn't clearly got the reason why their cars didn't sell well. It is only said that their cars were old-fashioned. However, there're lots of factors with reference to this, such as the color, the model, the structure, the price and so on.

Why the consumers prefer other cars over theirs and what kind of cars can meet their need? That's the essential things to master. Before doing a careful and thorough social investigation, to hurry to such a conclusion as to 'discontinue the oldest models and concentrate instead on manufacturing sporty cars' is absurd.

Statement of Academic Coals

I plan to study a master's degree in Applied Linguistics in the fall of 1998. Teaching Methodology, Classroom Pedagogic, Applied Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, and Sociology will be my emphasis.

From 1996 to 1997 I was teaching English for students in international trade. This teaching experience was both inspiring and educational. I had a chance to closely observe the methods used by different instructors in their classes. Foreign instructors were good at teaching English, but their lack of knowledge of the Chinese language and culture was a serious handicap in their communication with students. On the other hand, Chinese instructors tended to use too much Chinese in class. The purpose of my attending a Linguistics course is that the program will not only improve my English teaching but also help me understand the relationship between English and Chinese culture.

Since the introduction of reform programs and the open-door policy in China, international trade has been playing an important role in the economy. Thus learning English has been very popular throughout the country. However, many people cannot speak English after a long time of study. I have often asked myself, "What methods would I use if I taught them English?" I've selected the course as my major in the hope that the knowledge acquired in the field will enable me to develop effective methods for teaching English to Chinese students. After completing my master's program, I would like to continue studying for a doctoral degree. Then I will return to my country to teach English.

The Yangtze River

The Yangtze River is "China's benefactor". The region over which the Yangtze traverses is fertile and productive, and the cities along it are rich and prosperous.

The Yangtze rises in Qinghai province, and empties into the Eastern Sea, the whole distance being estimated at about nine thousand five hundred li. It takes different names as it goes from one place to another. In Qinghai it is called Tuotuo River first, then Tongtian River. Down to Yibin in Sichuan, it is known as the River of Golden Sand. Below Yibin it goes by the name of Great River.

The landscape along the Yangtze River is magnificent. If we take a walk to the Great River, in times of calm, we can see nothing but an endless expanse of yellow waves and billows, dashing to and fro. The distant hills are wreathed with thin, broken clouds.

In the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges project is under the construction. The project will improve the transportation and is of vital importance to the economic development of the west. The river in the dam area will be broadened, so, giant vessels will be able to sail straight from Shanghai to Chongqing.

Head Movements

In most cultures nodding one's head is seen as agreeing. Shaking one's head is seen as rejecting, although Bulgarians do the opposite — they shake their heads when agreeing.

In southern India moving one's head from side to side is not a negation. Even in this area where most cultures agree, there is some disagreement.

A speaker may nod her head to affirm what she is saying and emphasize the verbal message. The listener may nod to signal understanding and approval. Nodding can tie a signal that the listener understands and that the speaker can continue with the discussion.

A lowered head in Western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian cultures lowering one's head may represent accepting one's place in the hierarchy, but it also may be an indication of intent listening. Japanese managers, for example, frequently lower their heads and close their eyes during negotiations. Americans see this as a lack of interest or even disrespect; for the Japanese this may merely be natural listening behavior. In contrast, tilting the head upward in Western cultures is interpreted as being arrogant, as is illustrated in the expression "His nose was in the air. "